The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
Humans have managed to tweak the underlying biology of various plants and animals to produce high-tech
crops and microbes. But regulating these entities is complicated, as the framework of policies and
procedures are outdated and not flexible enough to adapt to emerging technology. The question is whether
regulation will ever be able to keep up with human innovation, to regulate living things, which are apt to be
unpredictable and unique; to capture all the potential risks when new biological entities are introduced, or
when they pass on variations of their genes?

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
Lyric poetry is a genre of private meditation rather than public commitment. The impulse in Marxism toward
changing a society deemed unacceptable in its basic design would seem to place demands on lyric poetry
that such poetry, with its tendency toward the personal, the small scale, and the idiosyncratic, could never
answer. There is within Marxism, however, also a strand of thought that would locate in lyric poetry
alternative modes of perception and description that call forth a vision of worlds at odds with a repressive
reality or that draw attention to the workings of ideology within the hegemonic culture. The poetic
imagination may indeed deflect larger social concerns, but it may also be implicitly critical and utopian.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
When the tradwife puts on that georgic, pinstriped dress, she is not just admiring the visual cues of a
fantastical past. She takes these dreams of storybook bliss literally, tracing them backward in time until she
reaches a logical conclusion that satisfies her. And by doing so, she ends up delivering an unhappy
reminder of just how much our lives consist of artifice and playacting. The tradwife outrages people
because of her deliberately regressive ideals. And yet her behaviour is, on some level, indistinguishable
from the non-tradwife’s. The tradwife’s trollish genius is to beat us at our own dress-up game. By insisting
that the idyllic cottage daydream should be real, right down to the primitive gender roles, she leaves others
feeling hollow, cheated. The hullabaloo and headaches she causes may be the price we pay for taking too
many things at face value: our just deserts, served Instagram-perfect by a manicured hand on a gorgeous
ceramic dish, with fat, mouthwatering maraschino cherries on top.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.

Recent important scientific findings have emerged from crossing the boundaries of scientific fields. They
stem from physicists collaborating with biologists, sociologists and others, to answer questions about our
world. But physicists and their potential collaborators often find their cultures out of sync. For one,
physicists often discard a lot of information while extracting broad patterns; for other scientists,
information is not readily disposed. Further, many non-physicists are uncomfortable with mathematical
models. Still, the desire to work on something new and different is real, and there are clear benefits from
the collision of views.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
John Cleese told Fox News Digital that comedians do not have the freedom to be funny in 2022. “There’s
always been limitations on what they’re allowed to say,” Cleese said. “I think it’s particularly worrying at the
moment because you can only create in an atmosphere of freedom, where you’re not checking everything
you say critically before you move on. What you have to be able to do is to build without knowing where
you’re going because you’ve never been there before. That’s what creativity is — you have to be allowed to
build. And a lot of comedians now are sitting there and when they think of something, they say something
like, ‘Can I get away with it? I don’t think so. So and so got into trouble, and he said that, oh, she said that.’
You see what I mean? And that’s the death of creativity.”

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.

Different from individuals, states conduct warfare operations using the DIME model— “diplomacy,
information, military, and economics.” Most states do everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on
their enemies before deploying the military. In fact, attacks on vectors of information are a well-worn tactic
of war and usually are the first target when the charge begins. It’s common for telecom data and
communications networks to be routinely monitored by governments, which is why the open data policies of
the web are so concerning to many advocates of privacy and human rights. With the worldwide adoption of
social media, more governments are getting involved in low-grade information warfare through the use of
cyber troops. According to a study by the Oxford Internet Institute in 2020, cyber troops are “government or
political party actors tasked with manipulating public opinion online.” The Oxford research group was able to
identify 81 countries with active cyber troop operations, utilizing many different strategies to spread false
information, including spending millions on online advertising.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
Certain codes may, of course, be so widely distributed in a specific language community or culture, and be
learned at so early an age, that they appear not to be constructed - the effect of an articulation between
sign and referent - but to be ‘naturally’ given. Simple visual signs appear to have achieved a ‘nearuniversality’ in this sense: though evidence remains that even apparently ‘natural’ visual codes are culture
specific. However, this does not mean that no codes have intervened; rather, that the codes have been
profoundly naturalized. The operation of naturalized codes reveals not the transparency and ‘naturalness’ of
language but the depth, the habituation and the near-universality of the codes in use. They produce
apparently ‘natural’ recognitions. This has the (ideological) effect of concealing the practices of coding
which are present.

Cartographers design and create maps to communicate information about phenomena located somewhere
on our planet. In the past, cartographers did not worry too much about who was going to read their maps.
Although some simple “usability” research was done—like comparing whether circle or bar symbols worked
best—cartographers knew how to make maps. This has changed now, however, due to all kinds of societal
and technological developments. Today, map readers are more demanding—mostly because of the tools
they use to read maps. Cartographers, who are also influenced by these trends, are now more interested in
seeing if their products are efficient, effective, and appreciated.