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31.

Five jumbled up sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can be
put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd sentence and key in the number of that
sentence as your answer.
1. The UK is a world leader in developing cultivated meat and the approval of a cultivated pet food is an
important milestone.
2. If we’re to realise the full potential benefits of cultivated meat the government must invest in research
and infrastructure.
3. The first UK applications for cultivated meat produced for humans remain under assessment with the
Food Standards Agency.
4. The previous UK government had been looking at fast-tracking the approval of cultivated meat for human
consumption.
5. It underscores the potential for new innovation to help reduce the negative impacts of intensive animal
agriculture.

Answer : 4

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Sentence 4 is the odd one out.
Sentences 1, 2, 3, and 5 all focus on the current status and future prospects of cultivated meat in the UK, such
as the leadership in developing cultivated meat, regulatory assessments, and the importance of government
investment in research.
Sentence 4, however, refers to the previous UK government's efforts to fast-track approval of cultivated meat
which is disconnected from the other sentences, as the focus shifts to a past action rather than the current
developments or future needs in the industry.

32.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.

Recent important scientific findings have emerged from crossing the boundaries of scientific fields. They
stem from physicists collaborating with biologists, sociologists and others, to answer questions about our
world. But physicists and their potential collaborators often find their cultures out of sync. For one,
physicists often discard a lot of information while extracting broad patterns; for other scientists,
information is not readily disposed. Further, many non-physicists are uncomfortable with mathematical
models. Still, the desire to work on something new and different is real, and there are clear benefits from
the collision of views.

A.
Despite differences in their research styles, physicists’ research collaborations with scholars from other
disciplines have yielded important research findings.
B.
Large data sets and mathematical models in physics research combined with the research methods of
non-physicist collaborators have yielded important scientific findings.
C.
The desire to diversify their research and answer important questions has led to several collaborations
between physicists and other social scientists.
D.
Physicists have successfully buried their differences on research methods applied in other fields in their
desire to find answers to baffling scientific questions.

Option A is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option A is the correct answer.
Option A captures the core idea that their collaborations have led to valuable scientific discoveries despite
differences in research methods between physicists and other scientists. The passage emphasizes how these
contrasting approaches still lead to productive outcomes, demonstrating the benefits of cross-disciplinary
work.
Option B: While large data sets and mathematical models are mentioned, this option incorrectly focuses on
"large data sets and mathematical models" as the main contributor, which is not the main point of the passage.
Option C: This is partially true, but the passage does not emphasize the "desire to diversify" research or focus
on social scientists. It is about the collaboration of different scientific fields, not specifically social science.
Option D: This is inaccurate because the passage does not state that physicists have "buried" their differences;
rather, it says that their differences exist, but the collaboration is still valuable. This is an extreme interpretation.

33.

The passage below is accompanied by four questions. Based on the passage, choose the best answer for
each question.
The history of any major technological or industrial advance is inevitably shadowed by a less predictable history
of unintended consequences and secondary effects — what economists sometimes call “externalities.”
Sometimes those consequences are innocuous ones, or even beneficial. Gutenberg invents the printing press,
and literacy rates rise, which causes a significant part of the reading public to require spectacles for the first
time, which creates a surge of investment in lens-making across Europe, which leads to the invention of the
telescope and the microscope.
Oftentimes the secondary effects seem to belong to an entirely different sphere of society. When Willis Carrier
hit upon the idea of air-conditioning, the technology was primarily intended for industrial use: ensuring cool, dry
air for factories that required low-humidity environments. But…it touched off one of the largest migrations in the
history of the United States, enabling the rise of metropolitan areas like Phoenix and Las Vegas that barely
existed when Carrier first started tinkering with the idea in the early 1900s.
Sometimes the unintended consequence comes about when consumers use an invention in a surprising way.
Edison famously thought his phonograph, which he sometimes called “the talking machine,” would primarily be
used to take dictation….But then later innovators… discovered a much larger audience willing to pay for musical
recordings made on descendants of Edison’s original invention. In other cases, the original innovation comes
into the world disguised as a plaything…the way the animatronic dolls of the mid-1700s inspired Jacquard to
invent the first “programmable” loom and Charles Babbage to invent the first machine that fit the modern
definition of a computer, setting the stage for the revolution in programmable technology that would transform
the 21st century in countless ways.
We live under the gathering storm of modern history’s most momentous unintended consequence….carbonbased climate change. Imagine the vast sweep of inventors whose ideas started the Industrial Revolution, all
the entrepreneurs and scientists and hobbyists who had a hand in bringing it about. Line up a thousand of them
and ask them all what they had been hoping to do with their work. Not one would say that their intent had been
to deposit enough carbon in the atmosphere to create a greenhouse effect that trapped heat at the surface of
the planet. And yet here we are.
Ethyl (leaded fuel) and Freon belonged to the same general class of secondary effect: innovations whose
unintended consequences stem from some kind of waste by-product that they emit. But the potential health
threats of Ethyl (unleaded fuel) were visible in the 1920s, unlike, say, the long-term effects of atmospheric
carbon build up in the early days of the Industrial Revolution….
Indeed, it is reasonable to see CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) as a forerunner of the kind of threat we will most
likely face in the coming decades, as it becomes increasingly possible for individuals or small groups to create
new scientific advances — through chemistry or biotechnology or materials science — setting off unintended
consequences that reverberate on a global scale

31.

The author lists all of the following examples as “externalities” of major technical advances EXCEPT:

A.
build-up of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere
B.
cooling and de-humidifying of factories through air-conditioning
C.
application of the Jacquard loom to modern IT programming
D.
extension of the phonograph to large-scale recording of music

Option B is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option B is the correct answer.
This is not an externality because it was the original intended use of air-conditioning. The passage mentions
that Carrier invented air-conditioning to ensure cool, dry air for factories with low-humidity requirements.
The other options are externalities:
Option A: This is an unintended consequence. CFCs were initially used in refrigeration and air-conditioning, but
their long-term environmental impact (ozone depletion) was not anticipated.
Option C: The Jacquard loom was originally a mechanical device for weaving patterns in fabric, but it led to the
development of programmable machines, which had far-reaching effects on modern computing, which was
also an unintended consequence of the loom's invention.
Option D: The passage states that the phonograph was initially designed for dictation but was adapted for
music recording, which was an unintended consequence.

32.

Which of the following best conveys the main point of the first paragraph?

A.
The secondary effects of most major technological advances in the past, especially if they were
unintended, have turned out to be beneficial.
B.
The full impact of technological advances cannot be estimated in the short run as the ripple effects
often extend far beyond the original intent.
C.
It is important to judge an invention not by its immediate outcomes, but by the holistic impact of its
secondary effects.
D.
The entire impact of a technological advance should be evaluated by the boost its secondary effects
gives to generating further technological advances.

Option B is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option B is the correct answer.
The first paragraph discusses how technological or industrial advances are often accompanied by unintended
consequences or secondary effects, which may not be fully understood or predictable at the time of the
invention. It gives the example of the printing press, which led to unexpected developments such as the
creation of spectacles, and later, the telescope and microscope. This is well captured in Option B.
Option A: While some secondary effects may be beneficial, the focus of the paragraph is more on the
unpredictability and far-reaching nature of these effects, rather than their inherent benefit.

Option C: The paragraph doesn't advocate judging inventions by their secondary effects. Instead, it
mentions that these effects are unpredictable and sometimes surprising. The main point is their
unpredictability, not how to judge an invention.
Option D: The paragraph does not suggest that the impact of a technological advance should be evaluated by
the boost its secondary effects give to generating further technological advances.

33.

Carrier, Babbage, and Edison are mentioned in the passage to illustrate the author’s point that

A.
the secondary effect of past inventions mostly resulted in the creation of new inventions.
B.
these inventors could not have visualised the eventual impact of their inventions on society
C.
despite the original intention, the unintended consequences of their inventions were largely beneficial.
D.
inventions typically end up being used for entirely different purposes than the intended ones.

Option B is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option B is the correct answer.
The author mentions Carrier, Babbage, and Edison to emphasize that the inventors' original intentions were not
related to the unexpected societal impacts their inventions had:
Carrier created air-conditioning for industrial use, but it triggered a mass migration to cities like Phoenix
and Las Vegas.
Babbage's invention of a programmable loom and Edison’s phonograph were originally intended for
specific purposes (textile weaving and dictation, respectively). Still, they led to far-reaching technological
developments in computing and music industries.
Therefore, we can infer that the inventors did not anticipate the full consequences of their inventions.
Option A: The secondary effects are shown as surprising or leading to unforeseen societal changes, rather than
leading to more inventions.
Option C: The passage doesn't claim that the unintended consequences were largely beneficial. While some
consequences may have been beneficial (like the telescope and microscope from the printing press), others
(like climate change ) have been harmful.
Option D: This is close, but it's not the main point. The intended purpose of the inventions may have been
different from their actual use, but the author’s primary argument is about how the inventors could not have
predicted the full societal impacts of their inventions, rather than focusing on how inventions end up being used
for different purposes.

34.

We can assume that the author would support all of the following views EXCEPT:

A.
While technological advances in the past have had innocuous or beneficial outcomes, more recent
advances have the potential to be more threatening globally.
B.
The by-products of leaded fuel, rather than the fuel itself, were responsible for the build-up of carbonrelated gases in the atmosphere.
C.
It has become far easier for people today to bring out innovations with dire worldwide consequences
than it was earlier.
D.
The emissions caused by the large-scale use of leaded fuel ought to have been addressed earlier than
they were.

Option A is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option A is the correct answer.
The author does not imply that recent advances are more threatening than past ones. Instead, he suggests that
the nature of technological progress (with more individuals and smaller groups able to innovate) has changed,
leading to new risks. The focus is not on comparing "past vs. recent" as more threatening but on the
unexpected global impacts of all technological advances. Thus, option A misrepresents the author's view.
Option B: The author would agree with this because the passage explains that Ethyl (leaded fuel) and Freon are
examples of innovations whose unintended consequences stem from by-products they emitted (such as lead
from fuel and chemicals from Freon), which had secondary effects on health and the environment.
Option C: The author would support this as he mentions how individuals or small groups can now create
innovations that have global impacts, particularly in fields like biotechnology and chemistry, which was less true
in the past.
Option D: The author suggests that the health threats of leaded fuel were visible earlier (in the 1920s), implying
that they should have been addressed sooner. Hence, the author would support this

34.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option
1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: Yet each day the flock produced eggs with calcareous shells though they apparently had not
ingested any calcium from land which was entirely lacking in limestone.
Paragraph: Early in this century a young Breton schoolboy who preparing himself for a scientific career
began to notice a strange fact about hens in his father's poultry yard. ___(1) ___. As they scratched the soil
they constantly seemed to be pecking at specks of mica, a siliceous material dotting the ground. ___(2)___.
No one could explain to Louis Kervran why the chickens selected the mica, or why each time a bird was killed
for the family cooking pot no trace of the mica could be found in its gizzard. ___(3) ___. It took Kervran many
years to establish that the chickens were transmuting one element into another. ___(4)___.

A.
Option 1
B.
Option 3
C.
Option 2
D.
Option 4

Option B is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Evaluation of the options:
Option 1: The sentence starting with "Yet each day..." would not fit here. This part is introducing Kervran’s initial
observations about the hens. Inserting this sentence would feel disjointed because the paragraph hasn't yet
explained the significance of the eggs.
Option 2: The sentence wouldn't fit here either. The focus here is on what the hens are doing (pecking mica),
and the sentence about eggs feels disconnected from this point in the narrative.
Option 3: The sentence about the eggs fits perfectly here because it explains a key element of the puzzle: the
hens are producing eggs with calcareous shells despite not having an obvious source of calcium. This provides
a crucial piece of information that explains why Kervran was puzzled in the first place. It ties directly to the
anomaly he is investigating.
Option 4: It won't fit here as the paragraph has already shifted to Kervran's conclusion about the chickens
transmuting one element to into another. Inserting the sentence about the eggs here would introduce new
information too late, disrupting the focus on Kervran's final findings.
Therefore, The sentence fits best in Option 3. It helps to explain Kervran's puzzling observations and contributes
to the mystery that he's trying to solve, all while maintaining a smooth narrative flow. The other options either
disrupt the flow or introduce new information too soon or too late.

35.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.
John Cleese told Fox News Digital that comedians do not have the freedom to be funny in 2022. “There’s
always been limitations on what they’re allowed to say,” Cleese said. “I think it’s particularly worrying at the
moment because you can only create in an atmosphere of freedom, where you’re not checking everything
you say critically before you move on. What you have to be able to do is to build without knowing where
you’re going because you’ve never been there before. That’s what creativity is — you have to be allowed to
build. And a lot of comedians now are sitting there and when they think of something, they say something
like, ‘Can I get away with it? I don’t think so. So and so got into trouble, and he said that, oh, she said that.’
You see what I mean? And that’s the death of creativity.”

A.
Comedians must not check what they think and say. They must go where no one has gone before.
B.
Creativity and critical thinking cannot work together. Comedians must first be creative, and later be
critical
C.
Comedians are being prevented from saying what they want and that is the death of this art form.
D.
Freedom and creativity are essential for comedy. Fear about offending people hinders originality.

Option D is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Option D best captures the essence of the passage.
John Cleese argues that comedians need freedom to be creative and that fear of offending people or worrying
about the consequences of what they say hinders their ability to be original. He highlights how modern
comedians often second-guess themselves, which stifles their creativity. Option D reflects this idea, which
stresses the importance of freedom and creativity in comedy, while warning against the fear that stifles
innovation.
Option A: While Cleese advocates for freedom in comedy, he doesn't say that comedians "must go where no
one has gone before," which is more of an extreme interpretation than the essence of the passage.
Option B: This option focuses too much on the relationship between creativity and critical thinking. The
passage is more about how fear of offending hinders creativity, not about creativity being incompatible with
critical thinking.
Option C: This focuses on the "death of the art form," but Cleese's main point is about how fear of
repercussions impacts creativity, not about the art form dying as such.

36.

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures
the essence of the passage.

Different from individuals, states conduct warfare operations using the DIME model— “diplomacy,
information, military, and economics.” Most states do everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on
their enemies before deploying the military. In fact, attacks on vectors of information are a well-worn tactic
of war and usually are the first target when the charge begins. It’s common for telecom data and
communications networks to be routinely monitored by governments, which is why the open data policies of
the web are so concerning to many advocates of privacy and human rights. With the worldwide adoption of
social media, more governments are getting involved in low-grade information warfare through the use of
cyber troops. According to a study by the Oxford Internet Institute in 2020, cyber troops are “government or
political party actors tasked with manipulating public opinion online.” The Oxford research group was able to
identify 81 countries with active cyber troop operations, utilizing many different strategies to spread false
information, including spending millions on online advertising.

A.
Following the DIME model, many governments have taken advantage of open data policies of the web to
deploy cyber troops who manipulate domestic public opinion, using advertising and other strategies to
spread false information
B.
Governments primarily use the DIME model to deploy cyber troops who practise lowgrade information
warfare, seeking to manipulate public opinion with the objective of inflicting pain and confusion on their
enemies.
C.
Using the DIME model, together with military operations, many governments simultaneously conduct
information warfare with the help of cyber troops and routinely monitor telecom data and
communications networks.
D.
As part of conducting information warfare as per the DIME model, many governments routinely monitor
telecom data and communications networks, and use cyber troops on social media to manipulate public
opinion.

Option D is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

The passage starts by explaining how states use the DIME model in warfare, often targeting information
systems first to destabilize enemies. Governments monitor communication networks, raising privacy concerns.
With social media's rise, many countries employ "cyber troops" to manipulate public opinion online, spreading
disinformation through tactics like paid ads. Option D best captures all these points.
Option A: This option incorrectly focuses on open data policies being used to deploy cyber troops, which the
passage does not emphasize.
Option B: This option fails to address the key part of the passage, which is monitoring telecom data and
networks.
Option C: The passage does not indicate that governments conduct warfare simultaneously with military
forces; rather, they act before involving the military. We can infer this from the statement, "Most states do
everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on their enemies before deploying the military

37.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option
1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: [T]he Europeans did not invent globalization.
Paragraph: The first phase of globalization occurred long before the introduction of either steam or electric
power…Chinese consumers at all social levels consumed vast quantities of spices, fragrant woods and
unusual plants. The peoples of Southeast Asia who lived in forests gave up their traditional livelihoods and
completely reoriented their economies to supply Chinese consumers….___(1)___. These exchanges of the
year 1000 opened some of the routes through which goods and peoples continued to travel after Columbus
traversed the mid- Atlantic. ___(2)___. Yet the world of 1000 differed from that of 1492 in important
ways….the travellers who encountered one another in the year 1000 were much closer technologically.
___(3)___. They changed and augmented what was already there since 1000. ___(4)___. If globalization hadn’t
yet begun, Europeans wouldn’t have been able to penetrate the markets in so many places as quickly as they
did after 1492.

A.
Option 1
B.
Option 4
C.
Option 3
D.
Option 2

Option D is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

We can attempt to place the given sentence by breaking the passage down into three segments -
The discussion till Blank (2) can be considered the first segment: it introduces the idea that globalization was
already underway well before the industrial era. It highlights the economic interconnectedness between
Chinese consumers and Southeast Asian suppliers, emphasizing that trade networks and economic

reorientations were already shaping societies. The missing sentence does not fit here in Blanks (1) or (2)
because the focus is on early economic exchange rather than the role of Europeans in globalization.
The discussion between Blanks (2) and (3) can be labelled as the second segment: it explores how trade routes
developed in the year 1000, predating Columbus’s journey. It sets up a comparison between different historical
periods - 1000 and 1492 - but the idea this comparison is leading to is still unclear.
This is where the final segment [the discussion after Blank (3)] fits in. It delivers the passage’s key argument:
European involvement in global trade was not a beginning but a continuation of pre-existing systems. It
reinforces the idea that the economic structures and trade routes established before 1492 were instrumental in
enabling European expansion. The given sentence would best fit Blank (3) because we make a declaration ["The
Europeans did not invent globalization"] and then follow up with information that reinforces this idea [“They
changed and augmented what was already there since 1000”].
Hence, Option D is the correct choice.

38.

Five jumbled up sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can
be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd sentence and key in the number of that
sentence as your answer.
1. No known real researcher of human behaviour would say that gender is all nature or all nurture.
2. The evidence for a biological basis for gender certainly doesn’t mean we should be complacent in the face
of sexism.
3. Many people are uncomfortable with the idea that gender is not purely a social construct.
4. Despite this empirical truth, researchers who study the biological basis of gender often face political
pushback.
5. There’s a political preference for gender to be only a reflection of social factors and so entirely malleable.

Answer : 2

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

Sentence 2 is the odd one out.
Sequence 1435 forms a coherent paragraph:
Sentence 1 introduces the debate about gender being influenced by both biological and social factors. It sets
the tone for the paragraph, addressing the complexity of gender.
Sentence 4 follows logically from Sentence 1. After introducing the complexity of gender, it suggests that, even
with the acknowledgment of both nature and nurture, researchers studying gender's biological basis still face
political challenges.
Sentence 3 builds on Sentence 4, highlighting why researchers studying the biological aspects of gender face
resistance. The public discomfort with viewing gender as more than just a social construct is explained.
Sentence 5 connects to Sentence 3 by elaborating on the political preference for viewing gender purely as a
social construct, reinforcing the challenges faced by researchers advocating for a more nuanced view of
gender

39.

There is a sentence that is missing in the paragraph below. Look at the paragraph and decide where (option
1, 2, 3, or 4) the following sentence would best fit.
Sentence: Science has officially crowned us superior to our early-rising brethren.
Paragraph: My fellow night owls, grab a strong cup of coffee and gather around: I have great news. ___(1)___.
For a long time, our kind has been unfairly maligned. Stereotyped as lazy and undisciplined. Told we ought to
be morning larks. Advised to go to bed early so we can wake before 5am and run a marathon before
breakfast like all high-flyers seem to do. Now, however, we are having the last laugh. ___(2)___. It may be a
tad more complicated than that. A study published last week, which you may have already seen while
scrolling at 1am, suggests that staying up late could be good for brain power. ___(3)___. Is this study a thinly
veiled PR exercise conducted by a caffeine-pill company? Nope, it’s legit. ___(4)___. Research led by
academics at Imperial College London studied data on more than 26,000 people and found that “selfdeclared ‘night owls’ generally tend to have higher cognitive scores

A.
Option 4
B.
Option 3
C.
Option 1
D.
Option 2

Option D is the correct answer.

Video Explanation

Explanatory Answer

The sentence before option 2 states "Now, however, we are having the last laugh". The reason they are having
the last laugh is given in the sentence, "Science has officially crowned us superior to our early-rising
brethren." Therefore, it fits here perfectly forming a coherent paragraph.
A) Option 4: Placing the sentence here would seem a bit disconnected. The sentence before and after Blank 4
flows continuously and placing the sentence here would break this flow
B) Option 3: This placement would disrupt the flow of the sentence before and after Blank 3. The study
mentioned before, blank 3, is the moment where the night owl's position is validated, so introducing the idea of
"superiority" will be out of place and feel redundant.
C) Option 1: It may seem plausible initially, but it would not be right to talk about the claim without first
mentioning the negative stereotypes, making this placement less effective.

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