A tricky question. The author starts the last paragraph saying that as utopia and dystopia share a lot in common, it may not be unreasonable to start with the hypothesis that they are 'twins'. But the author goes on to say that while the two are 'uncomfortably close', 'we should not mistake this argument for the assertion that all utopias are, or tend to produce, dystopias. Those who defend this proposition will find that their association here is not nearly close enough'. In other words, utopias are not dystopias and the two cannot be regarded as exactly alike, or twins. Option B cannot be inferred from the passage.
Option A can be inferred, from the lines 'Utopia provides security: but at what price? In both its external and internal relations, indeed, it seems perilously dystopian'.
In the second paragraph, the passage talks about the literary utopia of More and Campanella with imaginary customs and rules being practised in these imaginary societies. So, option C can be inferred.
Again, from the last lines of the second paragraph 'utopian homogeneity remains a familiar theme well into the twentieth century', option D can also be inferred.

In the example of the incense burner, the 'additional complexity' is that, in addition to being categorised as a person, it was also categorised as a tree as it was decorated with spiky appliques representing the sacred ceiba tree. The third categorisation as a tree is on par and similar to the other two categorisations; the same object is a tree and a person-tool. So, option D is the correct answer.

The author cites the example of an iPhone to illustrate the idea that nonhuman persons did not derive their personhood simply because of their human connection or their usefulness to humans. The Maya would not have regarded the iphone as a nonhuman person; personhood would be 'activated' only when the nonhuman person experiences certain bodily needs or participates in certain social activities.
If option A were true “ if the incense burner and stone chopper were regarded as persons just because of their usefulness to humans “ then the purpose of the iPhone example would be invalidated.
All other options given do not relate to the reason why Maya categorised objects as persons. So, these are ruled out.

Trickily worded question. The answer option is one that does not undermine the democratising potential of the Maya worldview. That is, it should be in line with the Maya worldview.
Let us look at the options one after the other.
If option A were true, cats and dogs would be considered superior to other nonpersons. This would mean an unequal world. So, option A would undermine the 'democratising' potential of the Maya worldview.
If option B were true and the stone implement and incense burner were only regarded as humans, not objects, that would again suggest humans are in some way superior to nonpersons. The Maya thought entities could be persons while also being something else. So, option B, too, would undermine the 'democratising' potential of the Maya worldview.
Similarly, if option C were true, then it would suggest that some objects 'deserved' to be persons, while others did not. This too would undermine the 'democratising' potential of the Maya worldview.
Only option D, if true, is in line with the essence of the Maya worldview. Human healers being given the physical attributes of local medicinal plants suggests that these plants are equal in status to humans.

For the Mayans, personhood 'activated' by experiencing certain bodily needs and through participation in certain social activities.
Personhood was not based on the usefulness of nonpersons to humans or their similarity to humans. So, options A and B are easily ruled out.
While both options C and D talk about the 'bodily needs' of nonpersons, only C relates to the idea of social participation. Plants form an ecosystem, participating in a community. Option D, on the other hand, talks about the functionality of utensils being a reason why they are regarded as persons. This is not in line with the Classic Maya worldview. So, the correct answer is option C.

Except option D, all other options are mentioned in the passage.
'I have been offered tea at a British garden party, a Bedouin campfire, a Turkish carpet shop and a Japanese chashitsu, to name a few settings. In each case the offering was more an idea “ friendship, community, respect “ than a drink, and in each case the idea then created a reality.' From these lines, we know options B and C are true.
Option A is also true: 'During the Second World War, tea service was presented as a social and patriotic activity that uplifted soldiers and calmed refugees'.
The author, however, does not say that tea became the leading drink in Britain in the nineteenth century. So, the author is least likely to support option D.

The author talks about morality marketing and states that 'tea is......a world apart “ an astonishingsuccess story in which tea marketers not only succeeded in conveying a sense of moral elevation to the consumer but also arguably did advance the cause of civilisation and community'. So, the correct choice is option B.

The second paragraph talks about 'the temperance movement' (anti-alcohol lobby) advocating tea as it 'cheered but did not inebriate', industrialists supporting free trade in tea in order to gain 'open markets' (duty-free markets) for textiles and factory owners joining the group advocating tea, as it meant 'a sober workforce'. So, options A, C and D are correct. The passage does not talk about tea drinkers lobbying for product diversity. So, the correct choice is B.

Conflating™ means mixing or confusing two different things. ˜Conflating consumption with virtue™ implies promoting consumption of something as virtuous. The consumption of sustainably farmed foods is marketed as the right thing to do, so option A is the correct answer.

23 is a link: The pronoun 'us' in 3 refers to 'me and my sister' in 2. 14 is also a link: 'that felt like a threat' in 4 refers to 'enjoy it while it lasts' in 1. So, 2314 is the correct order.

According to the given paragraph, alphabetical order was not an immediate consequence of the alphabet itself. Religious beliefs led to the rejection of alphabetical order in the Middle Ages and it was only with the need for more efficient ways of ordering and referencing texts as well as the need to deal with government bureaucracy in the 16th and 17th centuries that alphabetical order became popular. Option B captures all key ideas and summarizes the paragraph well.

Option A says that the adoption of the written alphabet was easily accomplished. This is something the paragraph given does not touch upon.
Option C is incorrect as it says there was a 'ban' on the use of any form of categorisation but a divinely ordained one. This is not what the paragraph given says. Further, religious beliefs hindering the widespread adoption of alphabetical order is just one idea in the given paragraph.
Option D states that 'unlike the alphabet', the use of the alphabetic sequence became widespread once its efficacy became known. This is not what the paragraph given says.

Reading the given paragraph, we can see that the missing sentence does not make a good starting sentence or conclusion to the paragraph. So, we can easily rule out options 1 and 4.
The flow of ideas in case of option 3 is already smooth. The majority of people have something worth learning from the people around them and when this learning process is repeated over time, you can get cultural packages adapted to local conditions.

The best place to fit the given sentence is option 2. The previous sentence talks about 'socially acquired information'. The given sentence explains how people socially learn from each other. The next sentence adds to this idea of learning from people around. So, option 2 is the correct choice.

Slightly tricky question. We can rule out option 4 as the sentence before says clarity is emerging, so the missing sentence, which is about uncertainty prevailing cannot be put in here. Option 3 can also be ruled out as the line before says some employees are now returning to their desks. The given sentence does not make sense here.

Both option 1 and 2 look like possibilities as 'this has meant a lot of uncertainty' can apply equally well to the sentence before each of these options. But looking at the sentence that follows and the flow of ideas, the given sentence makes better sense in option 2. Workers are returning in a trickle, rather than a steady stream--there is hence uncertainty about what a wide scale return to office might look like--yet, even as companies are still working on their new policies, employees are getting back at their desks on a full-time or hybrid basis.

The main idea expressed here is that the proliferation of social media has led to easy access to fashion ideas from different cultures and it is now easier than ever to unethically use these ideas or techniques without giving credit or compensation to the original communities. Option C captures the essence of the paragraph.
Option A says that the media has 'encouraged mass production'. This is incorrect.
Option B talks of 'cultural collaboration', which is not what the given paragraph is about.
Option D is not worded well. It talks about copying an embroidery design or pattern of textile from native communities who ‘own' them. The ideas belong to a community, they are not ‘owned’ by them. Also, this option does not touch upon credit or respect that is owed to these communities.

3 is the most general statement and hence the best one to start the paragraph. 32 is a link: 3 states that we are designed to see our achievements as worthy of reward; 2 talks about a raft of recent books that throw light on the limits of this kind of thinking. 21 is a link, with 1 adding to the point made in 2 about the limits of merit and how understanding this can help us become more accepting. 4 follows 1 and concludes the paragraph with how this, in turn, will help build a more compassionate society. 3214 is the correct order.

Speaking of cancel culture, Rowan Atkinson says that every joke offends someone or something and so, in a proper free society, jokes about absolutely anything should be allowed. Option A summarizes the paragraph well.
Option B misses the main idea and also speaks of 'politicians' and 'royalty' which are not part of the given quote.
Option C, while true, does not mention 'cancel culture' which is a key idea.
The given quote does not talk of the 'role and duty' of comedians. Option D is not a good summary.

4 introduces beacons and is the best starting sentence. 43 is a link: 4 states that beacons send radio frequency signals; 3 explains that smart phones and other mobile devices capture these signals. 12 is also a link: 1 says that several industrial sectors have begun to use beacons to track and communicate with their customers; 2 explains how these beacons are actually put to use to track this information. 4312 is hence the correct order.

Refer to the last line: "The combination of rapid population growth with the diversity of those moving into the cities created what the Chicago School sociologists called social disorganization". Rapid or dramatic social change, according to the passage, causes increases in crime. So, a fundamental conclusion by the author is that rapid population growth and demographic diversity give rise to social disorganisation that can feed the growth of crime.
Option A blames racial disparities for the flourishing of crime. This is incorrect. The passage only says that where there is massive migration of people of different races into cities without social integration, crime flourishes.
Option B is the opposite of what the passage says.
Option C is incorrect. The passage does not say that according to European sociologists, crime in America is mainly in Chicago.

The question can be rephrased as "Which statement, if true, is in line with the given statement?"
Option A states that demographic transition in America in the twentieth century is strongly marked by an out-migration from rural areas. If true, this is in line with the statement that Americans were predominantly rural at the start of the 20th century, but most lived in urban areas by the 1950s.
Option B states that a population census conducted in 1952 showed that more Americans lived in rural areas than in urban ones. If true this contradicts the given statement.
If the estimation of per capita income in America in the mid-twentieth century primarily required data from rural areas, then most of the population should have been living in rural areas. Option C contradicts the given statement.
If economists have found that throughout the twentieth century, the size of the labour force in America has always been largest in rural areas, then that contradicts the given statement too.

Option D is not a valid inference from the passage. The passage does not say that African American migrants into Chicago were 'less organised' and hence unable to integrate into society.
All other statements given are based on key ideas in the passage and can be easily inferred.

Chicago School, social organisation,migration and crime are key ideas in the passage.
Option A names some sociologists mentioned in the passage. This can be easily ruled out. Option B does not mention 'crime' which is a key idea. Option D includes 'heavy industry' which is not a key idea.

The passage says that Orientalist scholars who studied Indian texts made "little attempt to understand the world-view of those who were teaching them". The author argues that the idea of the 'spiritual' East as opposed to the 'materialistic' West promoted by European intellectuals was at a disjuncture from traditional ways of looking at the Indian past. So, it can be inferred from the passage that to gain a more accurate view of a nation's history and culture, scholars should not attempt to develop an oppositional framework to grasp cultural differences.
In light of the passage, it can be inferred that scholars must try to read the country's literature widely, examine their own beliefs and biases and examine the complex reality of that nation's society in order to gain an accurate view of the country's history.

The author says that the dichotomy of values maintained by European intellectuals "was a consolation to the Indian intelligentsia for its perceived inability to counter the technical superiority of the west, a superiority viewed as having enabled Europe to colonize Asia and other parts of the world." The author is hence not likely to support the view that India became a colony although it matched the technical knowledge of the West.
According to the passage, "The Romantic English poets, Wordsworth and Coleridge, were apprehensive of the changes introduced by industrialization and turned to nature and to fantasies of the Orient." So, the author is likely to support the view that the Orientalist view of Asia fired the imagination of some Western poets.
The author argues that European intellectuals paid "little attention was given to the more tangible aspects" of the Indian pattern of life and tried to maintain a dichotomy in values with "little attempt to juxtapose these values with the reality of Indian society". So, the author is likely to support the view that Indian culture acknowledges the material aspects of life.
That Indian culture has evolved over the centuries is again a view that the author is likely to support.

On the Orientalist scholars' method of understanding Indian history and culture, the author says that "The various phases of Orientalism tended to mould European understanding of the Indian past into a particular pattern. . . . There was an attempt to formulate Indian culture as uniform, such formulations being derived from texts that were given priority. The so-called 'discovery' of India was largely through selected literature in Sanskrit." In other words, there was an attempt to selectively analyze material that conformed to a specific view of India. Analysing Hollywood action movies that depict violence and sex to understand contemporary America is similar to this.

The last line of the passage implies that India's spiritualism served as a salve for anti-colonial nationalists. Option C is clearly incorrect.
That Oriental scholarship influenced Indians is implied from the first line of the paragraph. The passage says that Orientalist scholars tried to 'discover' India through 'selected literature' in Sanskrit. So, option B is also true. That Orientalists' understanding of Indian history was linked to colonial concerns can also be inferred from passage

1 and 4 liken translators to bumblebees. Also, 53 is a sequence: 5 about the impossibility of the flight of the bumblebee and 3 about the impossibility of translation. While 2 could fit into the paragraph after 5, if an odd sentence is to be picked, the best choice is 2.

Only 4 cites the cost of immunization as a factor in discouraging people from immunization. The rest of the sentences are about the logic for constant postponement of immunization. The sequence 1325 is a cogent paragraph.

Of the given sentences, only 5 talks of rapid displacement and sensitizing the public to the human cost of displacement. None of the other sentences relate to these ideas.

The main idea of this paragraph is that the conceptualization and study of landscape as a geometric object by Renaissance artists led to it being recognized as an independent genre/subject of art by the end of the 16^th century. Of the given options, option 1 captures this idea best.

Option 2 is close. The paragraph does talk of the 3D understanding of the organism/human body facilitating the understanding of the structure of the landscape. However, the focus of the given paragraph is on the study of landscape by Renaissance artists and how it evolved to become an independent genre/ subject of art by the end of the sixteenth century. Option 2 focuses on one, narrow idea and is not as good a summary as option 1. In the same way, option 3 focuses on Renaissance artists, calling them “responsible” for the study of landscape as a subject of art. The paragraph only states that they facilitated an understanding of the structure of landscape. Option 4, while correct, does not mention Renaissance artists.

Option 3 sums up all the key ideas in the paragraph: 'To study knowledge production from....professions perspective would mean a focus on the institutionalization of a body of knowledge... however tends to reify institutional power structures...knowledge production is restricted in the perspective to the selected members of the professional community'.

Option 1 rephrases the first line of the paragraph; it does not summarize the paragraph. Option 3 calls the professions approach ‘one of the most relied upon perspective in the study of management knowledge production’. There is no evidence in the paragraph to support this.­ Option 4 is also not supported by the paragraph. The paragraph only states that the professions approach researches managerial occupation, business schools and management knowledge. It does not talk of the creation of institutions of higher education and disciplines.

The paragraph states that artificial embryo twinning is relatively low-tech and that it mimics the natural twinning process, where in the first days after fertilization, the embryo splits into two genetically identical individuals. Option 1 simply rephrases this.

Option 3 is clearly incorrect, as it states that artificial embryo twinning is unlike natural twinning. Option 2 is incorrect, as it states that twins are formed during fertilization. Option 4 is a bit vague and not as precise as option 1.

Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence, as it is very general. 4 explains 2 and so 24 is a sequence. Similarly, 41 is a sequence: 4 talks of ‘very rich people’ as a group, while sentence 1 talks of ‘another group’, the unwitting enablers. The reference to ‘these people’ in 3 could only be to the unwitting enablers. So, 3 is the concluding sentence.

Sentence 1 is the best opening sentence. 14 is a link due to the reference to ‘the canopy’ in 4. Both sentences 2 and 3 talk about swifts chasing insects. However, the order 32 is better than 23 because sentence 3 explains that insects are the creatures that form the staple diet of swifts. Sentence 2, which states that swifts hunt ‘wherever there are insects in the air’ can only follow 3.

Sentence 4 is the best opening sentence: it sets the scene and tells us what ‘it started with’. The subject of sentence 2 is ‘the viola player’. This could only be Cathy Perkins, who is mentioned only in 4. So, 2 follows immediately after 4. Now, of the remaining sentences, 1 is a better option to follow 2 than 3. This is because sentences 2 and 4 talk of a medical condition. Sentence 1 mentions the ‘eventual diagnosis’ and response to treatment. So, 1 follows 2.­ Also, sentence 3 states that ‘it had come back’. The ‘it’ in question could only refer to the cancer mentioned in 1. So, 3 follows 1.

324 is a clear sequence: all three sentences are about Twitter’s policy. 2 follows immediately after 3, as the pronoun ‘it’ that 2 starts with could only refer to the statement in Twitter’s website mentioned in 3.

Answer to this question is in paragraphs 3 and 5. The last paragraph states that genomes, epigenetic modifications, inherited cultural factors and parental effects affect evolutionary adaption. Paragraph 3 groups epigenetics and parental effects under ‘developmental factors’ and also mentions ecological legacies. Option 1 covers all these influences comprehensively.

See the second paragraph: ‘The traditional, and still dominant, view is that adaptations ...are fully and satisfactorily explained by natural selection and subsequent inheritance. Yet new evidence from genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology indicates that evolution is more complex than we once assumed ...’.

Options 2 and 3 are clearly incorrect. There is no evidence in the passage to support the claim that Wilsons theory of evolution is scientifically superior to Darwin’s or Mendel’s.

See paragraph 1: ‘That is not supposed to happen. Generations of schoolchildren have been taught that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is impossible...’ Option 4 is incorrect as it is too narrow in scope, talking only of acquired parental fears.

The main idea of the passage is that evolution is shaped by several factors—genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology—and cannot be fully and satisfactorily explained by natural selection and subsequent inheritance alone. Options 1, 2 and 4 would support this. Only option 3 negates the main idea of the passage.

The very premise of the passage is that, increasingly, individual data is being collected in ever-more elaborate and intrusive ways and that this data is being used to manipulate or transform individuals. Options 1, 3 and 4 support this. Only 2 does not.

See the fourth paragraph: ‘Dubai.... ever-more elaborate and intrusive ways of collecting data on well-being - to the point where there is now talk of using CCTV cameras to monitor facial expressions in public spaces.’

See the last paragraph: ‘Since the 1970s, depression has come to be viewed as a cognitive or neurological defect in the individual, and never a consequence of circumstances. All of this simply escalates the sense of responsibility each of us feels for our own feelings, and with it, the sense of failure when things go badly.’

In the first paragraph, the author states that while economists ignored psychology for the most part of the 20^th century, today they put a great deal of emphasis on how happiness can shape economies and businesses. The author then goes on to say why the current trend of quantification of happiness is ‘disquieting’. We infer that the author would recommend a middle path.

Option 2 is clearly incorrect: See the reference to ‘the obsession with money that GDP measurement entrenches’ in paragraph 5. Neither option 3 nor option 4 is mentioned in the paragraph.

Close contest between options 3 and 4 here. The first paragraph says that ‘wearable technologies... offer data-driven advice on how to reduce stress’ and the third paragraph that ‘performance evaluating wearable technology... monitor physical signs of stress and activity toward the goal of increasing productivity’.

The main idea of the passage is that happiness is being quantified by businesses—ostensibly with our best interests in heart—but, in reality used as ‘a basis to transform or discipline individuals’. This is best reflected by option 3