The paragraph given presents two opposing views on hard work. In one view, hard work has led to meaningless jobs as people strive to keep busy at all costs, while in the opposing view, hard work has brought about innovation and comfort. Option D sums up the paragraph well.

Option A is incorrect, as it states that hard work has 'led to greater idleness'. The paragraph does not say so.

Option B presents a one-sided view and is hence incorrect.

The paragraph does not talk about the importance of leisure time. So, option C is also incorrect.

While all other sentences are about gender inequality in the technology sector and its impact on society, sentence 4 is more general, about structural inequalities in the current organisation of work and employment.

3512 makes a cogent paragraph, with 3 stating the main idea of the paragraph, 5 adding on to 3, 1 citing an example to support 5 and 2 concluding the paragraph.

Sentence 3 is the best opening sentence. Sentence 3 talks about some European museums taking steps to return artefacts; 2 states what these steps are in response to. So, we have the order 32. 14 is a unit, with 1 talking about the legal hurdles in the restitution of artefacts and 4 following this up with what some countries would like to do, legal hurdles notwithstanding. So, 3214 is the correct order.

Sentence 2 offers the best start to the paragraph and talks about the importance of relational histories in the analysis of interpersonal communication. Sentences 1, 3 and 4 relate to the idea of 'regimes of truth', which is first introduced in 3, which talks about a Foucaldian approach going beyond the existing conceptions of discourse and history. So, 3 follows 2. Sentence 1 expands on 'regimes of truth' and how they make relationships speakable and sustain them. Sentence 4 adds to 1 and concludes the paragraph.

While all other sentences relate to Chinese business schools and the courses they offer, sentence 3 relates to Western schools and their offerings. So, 3 is the odd one out.

2514 makes a cogent paragraph, with 2 opening the paragraph stating how Chinese schools are growing distinct from their Western counterparts, 5 and 1 adding to 2 in terms of the courses offered and 4 concluding the paragraph with the additional incentive that these schools provide Chinese students.

Sentence 3 is the best opening sentence. 34 is a unit: 3 identifies trade, offshoring and immigration as threats to jobs, while 4 states that the bigger threat now is automation. 1 continues the idea in 4, stating the value that businesses find in automation. 2 adds to 1 and concludes the paragraph, elaborating on the impact of robotics on unemployment. 3412 is a cogent paragraph.

The central idea of the passage is that nano-robots, which were once part of science fiction and comics, have now come true, with scientific researchers making such autonomous devices from molecular parts. Option A is the correct choice.

Options B and D state some ideas from the passage, but not the central idea.

About the New X-Men, the first paragraph says that 'Our mutant heroes had been battling giant robots called Sentinels for years, but suddenly these mechanical overlords spawned a new threat: Nano-Sentinels!' So, option D is true

Trickily worded question. The scenario which if false, supports the passage is one that if true, is against the passage.

Of Nano-Sentinels, the passage states that 'No, they won't be invading our bodies and turning us into Sentinels'. That is, these Nano-Sentinel robots do not turn the body they are injected into to robots. So, option A, if true, goes against the passage. Hence, this is the correct answer choice.

The passage states that Nano-sentinels are ' assembled from two kinds of molecules - some that love water and some that avoid it'. So, option B is in line with the passage.

That robots made from smart materials are likely to become part of our everyday lives in the future is the central idea of the passage. So, C is also in line with the passage.

In the fourth paragraph, the passage discusses hydrogels and their applications. So, D is also in line with the passage.

Option A is the direct extension of 'some of them could one day swim through our bloodstream to heal us. They could also clean up pollutants in water or fold themselves into different kinds of vehicles for us to drive.'

Note the line: 'Unlike Mr. Chomsky, Mr. Pinker firmly places the wiring of the brain for language within the framework of Darwinian natural selection and evolution.' So, Pinker and Chomsky may disagree on the Darwinian explanatory paradigm for language.

The question asks us to pick an option which is not true.

According to the passage, Pinker 'effectively disposes of all claims that intelligent nonhuman primates like chimps have any abilities to learn and use language.' So, option A is not true (and hence the correct answer choice).

Option B is the exact opposite of A, and clearly true, as seen above.

According to the passage, a half-century ago, Chomsky/Pinker's idea of universal grammar 'would have been pooh-poohed as a "black box" theory' but 'neurosurgeons [have now found that this] "black box" is situated in and around Broca's area, on the left side of the forebrain'. So, option C is true.

The passage states that, according to Pinker, '....the "language instinct," when it first appeared among our most distant hominid ancestors, must have given them a selective reproductive advantage over their competitors (including the ancestral chimps)'. So, option D is also true.

In the last paragraph, the passage states that Pinker's proposition that the roots of language must be in the genes will 'undoubtedly raise the hackles of some behavioral psychologists and anthropologists, for it apparently contradicts the liberal idea that human behavior may be changed for the better by improvements in culture and environment'. So, Pinker's position is at variance with that of behavioural psychologists. Option D is not true about Pinker's book.

According to the passage, while Chomsky's book was full of 'theoretical linguistics, in discourse so opaque that it was nearly incomprehensible even to some scholars', Pinker's book is 'brilliant, witty and altogether satisfying'. So, option A is true.

That Pinker disagrees with Chomsky on some grounds is mentioned in the last line of the first paragraph, as well as in the third paragraph, where the passage states that 'Unlike Mr. Chomsky, Mr. Pinker firmly places the wiring of the brain for language within the framework of Darwinian natural selection and evolution'. So, option B is true.

Pinker's book, according to the passage, 'has brought Mr. Chomsky's findings to everyman'. So, option C is also true.

The author calls Pinker's book 'brilliant, witty and altogether satisfying'. In response to the claim that the book is racist, the author states that Pinkers stresses on the 'fundamental unity of humanity' and 'the universal grammar' of language- the universality of 'the language instinct', in other words, to counter such claims. So, option B is the right choice.

Option C is the exact opposite of the author's position.

According to the passage, Pinker argues that though chimps have the vocal apparatus to speak, their brains, unlike human brains, are unable to produce grammar as chimps do not have the 'language instinct'. The author agrees with Pinker's view, so option A is incorrect.

Again, option D is also incorrect, based on the last paragraph. The author says that while some behavioral psychologists and anthropologists believe human behavior may be changed for the better by improvements in culture and environment, Pinker's position (one that the author agrees with) is that the roots of language are in the genes.

Note what the passage says before citing the example of fuel usage in a car: 'The relationship that the researchers found is a limit on the accuracy of a clock, so it doesn't mean that a clock that creates the most possible entropy would be maximally accurate'. Just as increased fuel usage in a car does not imply that it is going faster or farther, increased entropy does not mean increased accuracy.

The official answer key says option B but we believe the right option is C.

The author does not say there is no difference in accuracy between a grandfather clock and an atomic clock. In fact he clearly states the opposite: '...a large, inefficient grandfather clock isn't more precise than an atomic clock.' So, option C is not an argument made in the passage.

On the other hand, option B is an argument the author makes in the first paragraph: '..the researchers found that as they increased the clock's accuracy, the heat produced in the system grew, increasing the entropy of its surroundings by jostling nearby particles . . . "If a clock is more accurate, you are paying for it somehow," says Ares.'

Options A and D are easily verified to be true, based on the lines 'The relationship that the researchers found is a limit on the accuracy of a clock, so it doesn't mean that a clock that creates the most possible entropy would be maximally accurate', and 'Understanding this relationship could be helpful for designing clocks in the future, particularly those used in quantum computers and other devices where both accuracy and temperature are crucial...'.

'Measuring time', 'accuracy' and 'entropy' are key ideas in the passage. None of the given options but C mentions 'measuring time', which is what the passage is about.

'None of the following statements can be inferred except...' implies only one of the given statements can be inferred. According to the passage, 'Keeping time accurately comes with a price. The maximum accuracy of a clock is directly related to how much disorder, or entropy, it creates every time it ticks.' Since quantum computers are, according to the passage, 'devices where both accuracy and temperature are crucial', it can be inferred that quantum computers are likely to produce more heat and, hence, more entropy, because of the emphasis on accuracy. So, option B is the correct answer choice.

The passage only states that the 'arrow of time' may be related to increase in entropy in time keeping. Whether or not the arrow of time has been tested for atomic clocks cannot be inferred based on the information given in the passage.

According to the passage, higher accuracy in timekeeping leads to more heat and more entropy. The converse, however, is not necessarily true. So, option C, too, cannot be inferred.

In the experiment, the clock with a 50-nanometre-thick membrane of silicon nitride has been made to vibrate, using (not producing) electric currents. So, option D is incorrect.

5341 forms a cogent paragraph about the prejudices against the deaf and the pushback against this in the 16^th century with the creation of a formal sign language.

The observation by Aristotle in option 2 is unrelated to the rest of the sentences given.

While all other sentences relate to organizations, detailing how identity affects organizational performance, option 1 talks about actors fitting in a specific category. This is an unrelated idea.

While 4315 makes a cogent paragraph about what the suffixes '-stat', '-tron' and '-matic' symbolise in the field of science and technology, option 2 is an unrelated sentence explaining the thinking behind high modernism.

According to the paragraph, Vance Packard found that advertising agencies identify hidden consumer motivation—thoughts that consumers are not aware they have. They use these to persuade consumers to buy, without the consumers themselves being aware of the fact that they are being persuaded. Packard’s theory related not to subliminal (subthreshold of consciousness) advertising but supraliminal (above the threshold of consciousness) advertising. Option 2 sums up all key ideas of the paragraph.

The main idea of the given paragraph is that the ability to think about distant things precedes meaningful referential communication. Option 2 sums this up correctly.

Option 1 is incorrect, as it states that thoughts precede "all speech acts". The paragraph only states that thoughts precede meaningful referential communication. Both options 3 and 4 rule that displaced reference—the ability to think about distant objects—is unique to humans. The paragraph does not say this.

The main idea of the given paragraph is that while engineers rely heavily on discoveries of physicists, an engineer's know-how is shaped by conditions in the real world. Option 2 sums up this idea well.

Option 1 ignores the key idea of the paragraph –the relationship between physics and engineering—and only talks of the "unique task of the engineer". So, option 1 is not a good summary of the paragraph. Option 2 labels the relationship between pure and applied science as "strictly linear": this too, is clearly incorrect based on the contents of the given paragraph. Option 4 is also incorrect, as it states that engineering and physics "fundamentally differ".

Sentence 3 explains the meaning of the phrase ‘carpe diem’ as understood today, while 2 contrasts this to the original Latin meaning. So, 2 follows 3. Sentence 4 follows 2, summarising the point made in 3 and 2 about the mistranslation of metaphors. So, 324 is a unit. Sentence 1 sums up the main idea of the paragraph. So, 3241 is the correct order.

Sentence 4 is the best starting sentence as it introduces the idea of ‘collaborative filtering’. Sentence 1 adds to 4, describing how collaborative filtering works. So, 1 follows 4. Sentence 2 identifies a crucial problem with collaborative filtering algorithms. Sentence 3 provides an example to substantiate 2. So, 4123 is the right order.

Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence for the paragraph as it introduces the idea of ‘mind-reading’. 34 is a unit: 3 states that mind-reading looks like literacy and 4 adds to this, explaining that print-reading, like mind-reading, is subject to development disorders. Sentence 1 links all key ideas of the paragraph, giving examples of both print-reading and mind-reading. So, 2341 is the correct order.

The passage states in the first paragraph that the term unconscious 'burst the shell of conventional language, coined as it had been to embody the fleeting ideas and the shifting conceptions of several generations until, finally, it became fixed and defined in specialized terms within the realm of medical psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis.' It goes on to detail how various conceptions and ideas came together between 1700 and 1900, and how the 'massive introduction of the term unconscious by Hartmann in 1869 appeared to focalize many stray thoughts'. Option C sums up what the passage is about best.

The given sentence states that the enrichment- improvement/refinement- of literary and intellectual language changed the understanding of the meaning of time-honoured expressions and traditional catchwords. Option A is the correct interpretation.

Option A cannot be inferred from the passage. The passage does not mention anaesthesiology. It only says that with the introduction of the term 'unconscious', it seemed that this new knowledge could, with further elaboration and exploring, provide a bounty of higher understanding.

Option B can be inferred based on the various examples cited in the second paragraph of the passage.

The passage says that '...before 1790, few if any spoke, in medical terms, of the affinity between creative genius and the hallucinations of the insane...'. That is, eighteenth century thinkers were the first to perceive a connection between creative genius and insanity.

Option D states one of the key ideas of the passage: 'The vocabulary concerning the soul and the mind increased enormously in the course of the nineteenth century. The enrichments of literary and intellectual language led to an altered understanding of the meanings that underlie time-honored expressions and traditional catchwords. At the same time, once coined, powerful new ideas attracted to themselves a whole host of seemingly unrelated issues, practices, and experiences, creating a peculiar network of preoccupations that as a group had not existed before.'

The author states that ‘residents of upscale residential developments have disclosed how important it is to maintain their community’s distinct identity, often by casting themselves in a superior social position and by reinforcing class and racial differences.’ The author cites this example to show how topophilia may be used to reinforce class and racial differences and feeling of superiority.

Note the line before the statement that topophilia is difficult to design for and impossible to quantify: ‘As Tuan noted, purely aesthetic responses often are suddenly revealed, but their intensity rarely is longlasting’. So, the reason why topophilia is difficult to design for is that people’s responses to their environment are subjective, sudden and short-lived.

The author describes topophilia as an ‘affective’ (emotional) bond between people and place. The tendency to represent one’s land “motherland” or “fatherland” is an example of this.

Option 1 relates to the bond the French have with their language. Topophilia is emotional bonding with a place.

Option 3 talks of “a sense of topography”—an understating of the physical features of a place. This is completely different from topophilia.

Option 4 relates to topophobia whereas the question relates to topophilia.

The question asks us to choose the option that does not contradict the arguments in the passage.

The author talks about patriotism in the context of ‘darker affiliations between people and place’, used by elites for ‘war preparation and ethnic cleansing’. Option 2 – patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of topophilia—does not contradict the arguments in the passage.

Option 1 states that ‘generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little in significance or intensity’. This contradicts the arguments in the passage in paragraph 1: ‘the emotive ties with the material environment vary greatly from person to person and in intensity, subtlety, and mode of expression.’

Option 3 states that ‘New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients’. This contradicts the statement in paragraph 3 that ‘although motivated by good intentions, such attempts to create places rich in meaning are perhaps bound to disappoint’.

Option 4 states that the most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and olfactory response. The passage merely mentions tactile and olfactory response as ‘a third response to the environment’, not the most important or fundamental.

The passage describes in detail how the introduction of the term unconscious by Hartmann in 1869 appeared to focalize various fleeting ideas and shifting conceptions over nearly two centuries, till it became fixed and defined within the realm of medical psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis. Option C touches upon all key aspects of the passage.

Options A, B and D are easily eliminated due to terms such as imagination, magnetism, dreams, literary language and insanity appearing in them. These do not represent the main arguments of the passage.

Note the context in which topophobia is mentioned in the passage: ‘And just as a beloved landscape is suddenly revealed, so too may landscapes of fear cast a dark shadow over a place that makes one feel a sense of dread or anxiety—or topophobia’. That is, topophobia is a fear of certain places.

The description of folk as “cosy” and “fossilized” suggests that folk tends to be looked at with nostalgia, as something old-fashioned and set in the past. Also note the reference to ‘vision of a preindustrial golden age’ in the previous line.

The question asks us to choose the option that is not a cause for plurality and diversity (rich variety) within the British folk tradition.

The author describes folk as ‘living example of an art form in a perpetual state of renewal’, because in folk music ‘one man sings a song, and then others sing it after him, changing what they do not like’. He observes that folk contains ‘elements of the uncanny and eerie, as well as an antique veneer, a whiff of Britain's heathen dark ages’ and that ‘the very obscurity and anonymity of folk music's origins open up space for rampant imaginative fancies.’ Note that the author mentions the oral mode of transmission, the fact that that British folk forms can be traced to the remote past of the country (antique veneer) and traces of pagan influence from the dark ages (heathen dark ages) as factors that influence the constant transformation seen in folk music.

The fact that folk is both popular and unpopular does not in any way affect the plurality and diversity within British folk. So, option 2 is the correct answer.

The question asks us to choose the option that the author is least likely to agree with i.e. the option he is likely to disagree with. Option 3, which talks of ‘homogeneity with each change’ (uniformity) in folk music is clearly incorrect, as the passage is about the perpetual state of renewal folk music is under and about the plurality and diversity observed in the British folk tradition.

Option 1—the power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced by the present while remaining rooted in the past— is inferred by the author’s description of folk as sonic ‘shabby chic’ (stylish while being, at the same time, old), and having ‘the rare distinction of occupying fashionable and unfashionable status simultaneously’.

Option 2—folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporary times—is inferred from paragraph 2: ‘folk is hip again, influencing artists, clothing and furniture designers, celebrated at music festivals, awards ceremonies and on TV, reissued on countless record labels’.

Option 4—the plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisation that its practitioners bring to it— is inferred from Cecil Sharpe’s description of folk: ‘each rendition of a ballad to an acorn falling from an oak tree; every subsequent iteration sows the song anew’.

Consider the reference to William Morris in the passage: ‘Just as the effusive floral prints of the radical William Morris now cover genteel sofas, so the revolutionary intentions of many folk historians and revivalists have led to music that is commonly regarded as parochial and conservative.’ That is, what was once thought of as revolutionary later came to be seen as traditional or conformist in folk.

Paragraph 3 describes how penguins draw heat from the cold Antarctic air through thermal convection: ‘Since their outer plumage is even colder than the air, the simulation showed that they might gain back a little of this heat through thermal convection—the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air). As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies, slightly warmer air comes into contact with the plumage and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature.